Immunomodulatory Activity of Agarwood Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Leaf Extracts on Staphylococcus aureus-infected Macrophages in vitro
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Aquilaria malaccensis has been consumed as herbal medicine, and in vitro study showed that the leaf extract possesses high antioxidant activities. A brief preliminary study indicated that A. malaccensis showed a promising immunomodulatory activity when evaluated using latex beads. This current study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of A. malaccensis leaf extract on the macrophage, which was challenged with pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.
METHODS: Bioactivity was determined by evaluating the phagocytic capacity of macrophages isolated from Mus musculus against S. aureus. First, the cytotoxicity of extracts on macrophages was evaluated using MTT assays, and the IC50 value was used to determine the dose of immunomodulatory assays. The highest toxicity was observed on chloroform extract with an IC50 value of 111.4 µg/mL. Therefore, the treatment was 100 and 50 µg/mL. Two parameters, including the phagocytic activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophages infected with S. aureus, were used to evaluate immunomodulatory activity. The analysis of variance was done at p<0.05 to determine the significant difference among treatments.
RESULTS: Chloroform and ethanol extracts at a 50 µg/mL concentration showed the best results with the phagocytic activity of 82.33%±9.61% and 80.33±1.53%. The ethyl acetate showed lower phagocytic activities of 70.67±1.53. All extracts significantly increased phagocytic activity and phagocytic capacity, and the results differed significantly between negative and positive controls. Thin-layer chromatography indicated that the extract contained terpenoid, flavonoid, phenolic, and tannin.
CONCLUSION: A. malaccensis leaf extracts showed immunomodulatory activity. Both chloroform and ethanol extracts showed comparable activity, while the ethyl acetate extract was lower. The extracts contained diverse bioactive compounds that may support activating macrophage cells for immunomodulatory activity.
KEYWORDS: Aquilaria malaccensis, immunomodulator, phagocytosis, macrophages, Staphylococcus aureus
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ginting NG, Lister INE, Girsang E, Riastawati D, Kusuma HSW, Widowati W. Antioxidant activities of Ficus elastica leaves ethanol extract and its compounds. Mol Cell Biomed Sci. 2020; 4(1): 27-33, CrossRef.
Sandra F. Role of herbal extract in stem cell development. Mol Cell Biomed Sci. 2018; 2(1): 19-22, CrossRef.
Sukmayadi A, Sumiwi S, Barliana M, Aryanti A. The immunomodulatory activity of ethanol extract of tempuyung leaves (Sonchus arvensis Linn.). Indonesian J Pharm Scie Tech. 2014; 1(2): 65-72, CrossRef.
Nair A, Chattopadhyay D, Saha B. Plant derived immunomodulators. In: New Look to Phytomedicine. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2019. p. 435-499, CrossRef.
Ziemssen F, Zierhut M. Principle of therapy. In: Clinical Ocular Toxycology: Drugs, Chemicals and Herbs. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2008. p.1-7, CrossRef.
Crowe JE. Prevention of fetal and early life infections through maternal–neonatal immunization. In: Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders; 2011. p.1212-30, CrossRef.
Dhama K, Mani S, Siju SJ, Mithilesh S, Karthik K, Amarpal, et al. Effect of immunomodulation and immunomodulatory agents on health with some bioactive principles, modes of action and potent biomedical applications. Int J Pharm. 2015; 11(4): 253-290, CrossRef.
Hiramaya D, Lida T, Nakase H. The phagocytic function of macrophage-enforcing innate immunity and tissue homeostasis. Int J Mol Scie. 2019; 19(92): 1-14, CrossRef.
Hashim YZH, Abbas PG, Salleh P. Aquilaria spp. (agarwood) as source of health beneficial compounds: A review of traditional use, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016; 189: 331-60, CrossRef.
Hendra H, Moeljopawiro S, Nuringtyas TR. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) leaves. Adv Sci Technol Soc. 2016; 1755(140004): 1-9, CrossRef.
Masita R, Nuringtyas TR, Wijayanti N, Hidayati L. Antiviral activity of agarwood Aquilaria malaccensis lamk and Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke leaves ethanolic extract against dengue serotype 3 virus in vitro. AIP Conf Proc. 2020; 2231: 040077, CrossRef.
Pranakhon R, Pannangpetch P, Aromdee C. Antihyperglycemic activity of agarwood leaf extracts in STZ-induced diabetic rats and glucose uptake enhancement activity in rat adipocytes. J Sci Technol. 2011; 33(4): 405-10, article.
Millaty INK, Wijayanti N, Hidayati L, Nuringtyas TR. Identification of anticancer compounds in leaves extracts of agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis (Lamk.)). IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2020; 457(012036): 1-8, CrossRef.
Hegde K, Jazeela F, Poojary V, Satish S. Anticancer potentials of the plant Aquilaria malaccensis leaves. Indian J Pharm Pharmacol. 2018; 5(3): 135-40, CrossRef.
Hegde K, Durga S, Sajjan PC. Evaluation of immunomodulatory potentials of the leaves of Aquilaria malaccensis. Res J Pharmacol Pharmacodynamics. 2019; 11(1): 32-6, CrossRef.
Sulistyani A. Imunomodulator Ekstrak Daun Gaharu Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. dan Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke Secara In Vitro [Thesis]. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Biologi Universitas Gadjah Mada; 2016, article.
Mahadi R, Rasyiid M, Dharma KS, Anggraini L, Nurdiyanti R, Nuringtyas TR. Immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity of green grass jelly leaf extract (Cyclea barbata miers.) in vitro. J Trop Biodivers Biotechnol. 2018; 3(3): 73-9, CrossRef.
Jensch-Junior BE, Pressinotil N, Borges JCS, Cunha da Silva JRM. Characterization of machrophage phagocytosis of the tropical fish Prochilodus scrofa (Steindachner, 1881). Aquaculture. 2006; 251(2-4): 509-15, CrossRef.
Purnama CA, Meiliana A, Barliana MI, Dandan KL, Wijaya A. Apoptosis and efferocytosis in inflammatory diseases. Indones Biomed J. 2021; 13(3): 242-55, CrossRef.
Fadhilah, Yuslisty S. Identifikasi Golongan Senyawa Toksik Daun Gaharu Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke dan Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. terhadap Sel Kanker Payudara T47D [Thesis]. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Biologi Universitas Gadjah Mada; 2016, article.
Parawansah P, Nurtamin T, Mulyawati SA, Nuralifah N, Misnaeni WO. Immunomodulatory effect of Momordica charantia L. fruit ethanol extract on phagocytic activity and capacity of mice peritoneal macrophages. Indones Biomed J. 2018; 10(2): 144-7, CrossRef.
Laksemi DA, Arijana IG, Sudarmaja IM, Ariwati NL, Tunas K, Damayanti PA, et al. Ethanol extract of Spondias pinnata leaves reduce parasite number and increase macrophage phagocytosis capacity of mice infected by Plasmodium berghei. Indones Biomed J. 2021; 13(1): 40-7, CrossRef.
Rosales C, Uribe-Querol E. Phagocytosis: a fundamental process in immunity. Biomed Res Int. 2017; 2017: 9042851, CrossRef.
Chi C, Giri SS, Jun JW, Kim HJ, Yun S, Kim SG, Park SC. Immunomodulatory effects of a bioactive compound isolated from Dryopteris crassirhizoma on the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. J Immun Res. 2016; 2016: 3068913, CrossRef.
Manurung DI, Hidayati L, Wijayanti N, Nuringtyas TR. Metabolite profiling of agarwood (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke) leaves from difference growth locations using Thin Layer Chromatography. J Biol Trop. 2021; 21(2): 615-23, CrossRef.
Millaty IN, Wijayanti N, Hidayati L, Nuringtyas TR. Identification of anticancer compounds in leaves extracts of agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis (Lamk.)). IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2020; 457(1): 12036-42, CrossRef.
López-García S, Castañeda-Sanchez JI, Jiménez-Arellanes A, Domínguez-López L, Castro-Mussot M, Hernández-Sanchéz J, et al. Macrophage activation by ursolic and oleanolic acids during mycobacterial infection. Molecules. 2015; 20(8): 14348-64, CrossRef.
Yang W, Chen X, Li Y, Guo S, Wang Z, Yu X. Advances in pharmacological activities of terpenoids. Nat Prod Commun. 2020; 15(3): 1-13, CrossRef.
Mendes LF, Gaspar, VM, Conde TA, Mano JF, Duarte IF. Flavonoid-mediated immunomodulation of human macrophages involves key metabolites and metabolic pathways. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1): 14906, CrossRef.
Chandrasekara A, Joseph KT. Roots and tuber crops as functional foods: a review on phytochemical constituents and their potential health benefits. Int J Food Sci. 2016; 3(1): 3631647, CrossRef.
Huang Q, Liu X, Zhao G, Hu T, Wang Y. Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production. Animal Nutrition. 2018; 4(2): 137-50, CrossRef.
Venkatalakshmi P, Vadivel V, Brindha P. Role of phytochemicals as Immunomodulatory agents: A review. Int J Green Pharm. 2016; 10(1): 1-18, CrossRef.
Irawan A, Anggraeni I, Christita M. Identification causes leaf spot disease in cempaka (Magnolia elegans (Blume.) H.Keng) seedling and its control techniques. J Wasian. 2015; 2(2): 87-94, CrossRef.
Suzuki T, Waller GR. Total nitrogen and purine alkaloids in the tea plant throughout the year. J Sci Food Agric. 2006; 37: 862-6, CrossRef.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18585/inabj.v14i2.1810
Copyright (c) 2022 The Prodia Education and Research Institute
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Indexed by:
The Prodia Education and Research Institute
